(USA-TKJ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TRADITIONAL KODOKAN JUDO , "All American" (Three Natl Orgs) Annual Membership, "All American" (Three Natl Orgs) Life Membership, Annual School Membership - International Affiliate, "American" School Membership - "Two" National Orgs, "All American" School Membership - "Three" National Orgs, "Platinum" School Membership (75 Students), USA TRADITIONAL KODOKAN JUDO NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS, USA-TKJ Instructor - Examiner Certification, Traditional Kodokan Judo Dan Grade Requirements, Traditional Kodokan Judo Curriculum / Rank Requirements. Team member of the Olympic, World Championship, and /or Pan American Games. They are also used to signify that joint locks, chokes or strangles may not be performed upon the wearer as those are not taught nor applied to juniors below the age of 15 due to safety reasons. The senior black belts of each new "applicant system" are required to attend a National Seminar, Camp or place and time coordinated through the USA-TKJ National Office in order to present and demonstrate their system to the USA-TKJ Central Technical Committee for induction into the USA-TKJ Yudanshakai. Some clubs will only have black and white, others will include a brown belt for advanced ky grades and at the elementary school level it is common to see a green belt for intermediate levels. Once they had passed an elementary level of instruction, they were promoted to fifth ky (, goky), when they would adopt the white belt. To achieve this, they must hit the floor hundreds of times per class, and yes, it hurts. Each one represents students level of skill and experience. The kyu/dan ranking system, and the modern karategi (modified judogi) were first adopted by Funakoshi in an effort to encourage karate's acceptance by the Japanese. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. As with the senior practitioners, the USJA recommends that juniors wear a patch specifying their rank. Rank in judo - Wikipedia Those who hold dan grades are collectively termed Ydansha () (literally "person who has dan") and those with ky grades are Mudansha (), literally "person without dan". A blue Judo-gi cannot be used. 16 yrs. Jita-Kyoei (mutual welfare and benefit). GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: This rank is assigned to individuals of good moral character who have been accepted as students of Judo in a Judo club or class. Jigoro Kano chose to recognize sixth, seventh, and eighth degree black belts with a special obi made of alternating red and white panels (kohaku obi). In judo, improvement and understanding of the art is denoted by a system of rankings split into ky and dan grades. Through Judo, persons individually and collectively attain their highest spiritual state while at the same time developing their bodies and learning the art of attack and defence.. Therefore if one does reach a stage above 10th dan there is no reason why he should not be promoted to 11th dan." Over a Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Kano apparently began the custom of having his yudansha wear black obi (belts) in 1886. Some countries will have over 6 kyu as well as ten different dan or black belt ranks. The colors of these are yellow, orange, green, blue or brown. Demonstrate . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. A+: This ranking system is also known as the Kodokan Kyu-Dan Ranking System.. In the current system as in use in Japan, there are six student grades ranked in descending numerical order. : Hajime 4. 0000001408 00000 n Validation is the detailed process by which the USA-TKJ examines new members to verify their credentials or to determine the rank they are best qualified to hold. Students begin to develop their style and specialize in certain areas. PDF Kodokan rank Requirements for Men & Women The judo belt ranking system consists of two main belt groups: Kyu and Dan.. A new member who has his or her rank certified will receive a USA-TKJ National Membership Card showing his or her current rank, a USA Traditional Kodokan Judo Rank Certificate and a USA-TKJ Patch. Shodan:Nage no kata It is possible to move up the ranking more quickly if youre training many hours per week. GOKYU GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: 1. In 1907, Kano introduced the modern judogi and its modern obi, but he still only used white and black belt ranks. When you hear people saying theyre a black belt in judo, it sounds impressive but what does this actually mean? Each style will have their own coloured belts to recognise this, but may . Hidari Shizentai. When a USJA Junior reaches the age of 17, their conversion to Senior rank is:[13]. When it comes to techniques, the key is to show a high level of skill in executing moves such as: To reach this rank, all students must be highly skilled in executing various judo techniques. Right Natural Position. 0000000776 00000 n To obtain a Gokyu rank, students must show the correct break falls, sitting, standing, and kneeling forms. Upon successful graduation, you are entitled to a new degree. The remaining three grades (third ky (, sanky), second ky (, niky) and first ky (, ikky) were all indicated with brown belts (for seniors) or with purple belts (for juniors). Dan grades consist of 10 different grades ranked in ascending numerical order. Basic defensive position. [3] In judo's promotion system as originally finalized by Kan around 1926 there was no maximal dan rank, and judoka holding 10th dan (and above) would normally wear a red belt, but also could wear a white belt (the same color as the lowest ky rank), or a black belt. In 1982 additional techniques (eight reinstated . Earn points according to the number of wins at Regional Promotional Competitions. The white color was chosen for purity, and red for the intense desire to train and the sacrifices made. There is no worldwide standard for each rank, although it is generally accepted that a blackbelt has had many years of practice and can perform at least the nage-no-kata, the gokyo-no-waza and the newaza techniques. Judo Belt Ranking System Explained (Kodokan) The ranking system in judo consists of 16 different color belts. The martial art belt ranking system has its origins from Kodokan Judo. By educating one person and sending him into the society of his generation, we make a contribution extending a hundred generations to come." Jigoro Kano Classification of Judo and 100 Kodokan Techniques Jan 30 2022 After at least 12 months of being a white belt (age 6 and above), After at least 12 months of being a yellow belt (age 7 and above), After as much as 1.5 years and 2 years of training as an orange belt (age 9 and above), After at least two years of training as a green belt, After at least two years of training as a blue belt. Achievement in Judo is recognized by a series of ranks. In a lot of schools, nikyu ranks are also leaders of the class and even provide instructions to the lower ranked students. Knowledge of Judo origin and history. Dojo Events, Please contact the International Department for any inquiries about Dan certification and for requests to reissue Dan certificates. Names of Judo Techniques Kodokan Judo Institute. The White Belt Bible - Apps on Google Play PDF All Judo Techniques This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The original english language copy (1955) of Illustrated Kodokan Judo, by Jigoro Kano, says: "There is no limiton the grade one can receive. For dan ranks, the first five are colored black, 6th, 7th, and 8th dan have alternating red and white panels (,dandara), and for 9th, 10th dan and above, the belts are solid red. A more traditional method of recognizing achievement was the presentation of certificates or scrolls, often with the secrets of the school inscribed. Sitting crossed legged: Anza 9. Hachidan:Koshiki no Kata & Itsutsu no Kata, Shodan:Nage no kata& Ju no Kata x=ko7?G u7`&{xq8cXc_"Y=,X3"Y*l~?r>9>=zOFWo6Om~3G?K7^>yp@U TCj?^nof{/;O3pucng~2 ? The ranking system in judo consists of 16 different color belts. All students must show an increased proficiency in all lower rank requirements. <> Also, learning doesnt stop when judoka reach the elusive black belt. Practitioners of Judo (, Jdka) are ranked according to their skill and knowledge, and, for later dan grades, their contribution to the art. 2 0 obj Although initially ky grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. If the validation is for a Kyu (Brown Belt or below) grade, then the examination must be performed by a certified USA-TKJ Black Belt (and current member of the Federation). <> *lXMG_m}XGWfz0WSuK`cLmhq;A0\xo;7U]e\(7Vxv "K]!\#\+qhS5d-zWzJpm s ^Uu{fcv} o\Jd[W--*!t,}lyo"t,q~y!J[e:7Fqgx"\0W8*E=Kx }%[;3:,x/ao8kAf9tHZE:Q@5T* )3(Hvy%;XCOA0wvp There are two broad categories of rank: those who have attained a level of competency at which they are considered worthy of a black belt (, kuro obi) and who hold dan () grades and those who are yet to attain that level and who hold ky () grades. old for Nidan, Black Belt, 2nd Dan, 20 yrs old for Sandan, Black belt, 3rd Dan, 25 yrs old for Yondan, Black Belt, 4th Dan, 30 yrs old for Godan, Black Belt, 5th Dan, 35 yrs old for Rokudan, Black Belt, 6th Dan, 40 yrs old for Shichidan, Black Belt, 7th Dan, 50 yrs old for Hachidan, Black Belt, 8th Dan, 60 yrs old for Kudan, Black Belt, 9th Dan, 70 yrs old for Judan, Black Belt, 10th Dan. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Furthermore, USA-TKJ is a judo organization and as such does not register karate, taekwondo, kung fu and like credentials. @WdrK1una`A hd5 Many earn a coaching certificate and start working as technical officials or referees. ;MW)F1NigUzJGO>k|@kc. Each procedure, homologation or validation is explained below. Deluxe Shusu Kuroobi Kodokan - Black Belt - Men (JGK) - KuSakuraShop Often, this belt will be worn on special occasions, but the black belt is still the standard. The first colored belts appeared in 1935 and the theory behind them was that students in the west would benefit from a visible progression system. Many believe this is a level where the learning process speeds up, and you start growing at a high rate. Though seen in the public eye as the main goal, having a black belt simply denotes a basic level of judo proficiency. Men should not wear anything under jacket. Migi Shizentai. The USJA also recommends wearing a patch specifying the practitioner's level. Initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. 1.4 PRINCIPLE OF DAN GRADES Achievement in Kodokan Judo is recognized by a series of ranks with associated belts. Sitting on knees: Seiza 8. 0000023152 00000 n The judo belt system from one belt rank to the other differs between countries, and associations, which can be confusing. So come along and explore the rich history, art, and traditions of Japan with us! Jigoro designed the Gi uniform to suit the demands of judo grappling. Our writing avoids bias or "infomercials" for particular styles and masters. 1u-7VYKy){ -Bt3p{gvqlzJ7mP])LzMK%&S*8I4myHq}uAKkWlnA|}^t@FQ`M)=X56"tE~s2Y1 `/_`e*awX0s7v_I'2w&VWG Q?zEY'C= u "a-"65r!!i?8dR }fJi(!B2i)#n-Sc' endstream endobj 71 0 obj<. 8?d. 2 0 obj In some countries a red belt is used between the white and yellow belts to signify full membership of the judo club or the country's judo association. ." Leinster Judo on Instagram: "Looking to become a judo referee. Okinawa When Is The Best Time To Visit? There is a system called "Batsugun" promotion in the Red and White Judo Contests to be held twice in a year respectively in Kodokan headquarters and Kodokan Osaka International Judo Center. The student begins empty, but fills up with knowledge. Placing 1st, 2ndor 3rdat Regional Championship in the Black belt Division. The Judo Rank System - Belts | Judo Info Olympic Martial Arts The Complete List What is the Order of Belts in Judo? 0000002984 00000 n Children with Olympic potential in judo enter the system in elementary school and go to board at a special secondary school where they live and breathe judo. Here, nikyu students are seen as highly-skilled judokas. The only belt colors at this time were white and black. :Ufz&#H+ maVnzX>dMCyz Serving as uke for the tori attempting a grading examination. Essentially, the dan-rank system was capped at 10 after the death of Kan. [1], Although dan ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the ky grades, with some countries having more ky grades. You move up step by step from Shodan (1st Dan) to 2nd Dan, and then to 3rd Dan and so forth. Unlike in other areas of the world, Japanese judoka wear a belt color relating to their age.Judo belts. [9], In Australia belt rankings for Seniors are, in ascending order: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and finally black. Kodokan Committee-m | United States Judo Federation Rank Requirements For Nikyu(2nd class Brown Belt) Minimum time in grade is 8 months = 64 classes in Sankyu before you can test for Nikyu. Below the black belts are Kyu grades, meaning level, and normally starts at white belt, 9th Kyu (KuKyu). The Gokyo no Waza (five sets of techniques) is the standard syllabus of Judo throwing techniques originated in 1895 at the Kodokan in Tokyo, Japan. When you seek it, you cannot find it. Some clubs only have white belts and black belts, while others might include brown belts for advanced kyu grades, and you might also see green belts for intermediates at the elementary-school level. Kodokan Martial Arts Belt Systems: Nearly all martial arts have a system whereby a student can progress in their style. However, since there has never been any promotion to a rank above 10th dan, the Kodokan Judo promotion system effectively has only 10 dans. Kodokan Judo - Jigoro Kano 2013-08-30 Judo, or the Way of Gentleness, an ideal form of physical exercise and a reliable system. If you look at photographs of Okinawan karateka training in the early part of this century, you'll see that they were training in their everyday clothes. endobj The judo system's black belts must be certified with the USA-TKJ (with their personal martial arts "Bio", photo, copies of. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The ninth ( kudan) and tenth degree black belt ( jdan) and, theoretically, those higher, have no formal requirements. This ranking system was introduced by Kan Jigor, the founder of judo, in 1883. This article explains the most common belt order used in most countries worldwide. Judo On Line YouTube. Advanced ky levels can be earned by both seniors and juniors (children under the age of about 16) and are signified by wearing belts of various colours other than black. (Complete Guide) Senior (18 years or older) light blue belt, white belt, and brown belt, Junior (17 years old or younger) light blue belt, white belt, and purple belt, Kami shiho gatame (upper four corner hold), Yoko shiho gatame (side locking four corner hold), Kuzure kami shiho gatame (upper four-corner throw), Tate-shiho-gatame (vertical four-corner throw), Tsuri-komi-goshi (lifting-pulling hip throw), Sode-tsurikomi-goshi (sleeve lift pull hip throw). The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Homologation is the method by which an Instructor can register a new member (Brown Belt or higher) who has proof of rank in the form of a rank card or certificate that is recognized by the Central Technical Committee of the United States Ju-Jitsu Federation. judo belts judo market 0000002238 00000 n It was in 1886 that Kano began giving his yudansha black belts (obi) to wear, though they werent like the ones worn today. 0000003559 00000 n To earn a yonkyu rank, students must know the difference between Judo and ju-jitsu. testing requirements lehi judo club judo. The judo system's senior black belts must be current members of the USA-TKJ. These procedures apply to all new members with judo rank of Brown Belt or higher. Jigo Hontai. In this app, Roy Dean explores techniques from three of the most successful schools of jiu jitsu in the modern era: Kodokan Judo, Aikikai Aikido, and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. This Batsugun system enables competitors who have got streak of wins required for Dan promotion in this contest to move up to the next Dan grade on the day. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. judo belts the plete guide to the judo grading system. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. USA-TKJ Request for Validation of Judo Rank Form. USA-TKJ Rank Requirements - USA TRADITIONAL KODOKAN JUDO The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". How to practice at the Dojo: - You are able to do Randori with anybody. 0000004295 00000 n The numerical grades go into descending order, with the 6th grade being the beginner level and the 1st the highest level. Learn how your comment data is processed. They develop a good base on top of which they can start adding more complex moves and combos. 1 0 obj Grading - Judo Canada : Matte 5. Thus the principle of Judo, from the very beginning, is not one of aggression, but of flowing with things.. Masayoshi Son is the founder, CEO, and majority shareholder of the Japanese telecommunications and investment company Softbank. The kyu are student ranks and these are differentiated by obi (belts) of distinct colors. InternationalCompetitions. Nidan:Nage no kata The USJA requires "Beginners" (not a ky) to wear a white belt until they test for yellow belt. Meaning gentle way, this sport is a form of combat that was created by Jigoro Kano in 1882.Judo match. IJF diplomas are also available on request and all requests must be submitted to the Judo Canada office. The Judo practice uniform and belt system eventually spread to many of the other modern martial arts, such as aikido and karate, which adapted them for their purpose. The Belt: Myth and Reality of an Essential Symbol - Judo Onsen Culture: Why Do Japanese Families Love Them? Basic Judo hygiene 3. Placing 1st, 2ndor 3rdat the U.S Senior National and/or any other point receiving International Tournament. Kata-Contest: Recommended Minimum Requirements: Shodan: Candidates must demonstrate: unquestioned moral character and maturity, continued practice and interest, minimum knowledge and skills in. 0000003178 00000 n This statement was later clarified, however. Kano Jigoro's grandson Kano Yukimitsu served as the fourth president from 1980 until 2009. In 1907, Kano introduced the modern judogi and its modern obi, but he still only used white and black belt ranks. JOGS - Deluxe Shusu Kuroobi - Extra Thick. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The belt is both an object and a strong symbol, closely linked to the practice of martial arts and judo in particular. At this stage, they slowly transition to the advanced stage of learning. The modern ranking system began when Kano awarded the shodan rank to two students one year after creating the martial art. Your email address will not be published. The belt system in Israel differs from the original one as it includes more color belts and sub-ranks between the two kyu grades. The U.S. Kodokan Committee was established in 1982 by USJI (USA Judo) president Frank Fullerton and Kodokan president Yukimitsu Kano to avoid the travel and other expenses for U.S. Judoka to take Promotion test at the Kodokan. Kodokan diploma applications will only be processed once the candidate's rank promotion has been confirmed by Judo Canada . 0000023950 00000 n 70 0 obj <> endobj xref 70 24 0000000016 00000 n endobj "B" Placing 1st, 2nd, or 3rd at the U.S Senior National and any other point receiving tournament. There are appropriate organizations for those martial arts. The grading goes into ascending numerical order, with the 1st degree being the lowest rank and the 10th the highest. How to Choose your Judo Belt - Sizing & Belt Types - KuSakuraShop 10 points for every ippon or waza-ari victory against a brown belt. Hachidan:Koshiki no Kata & Itsutsu no Kata, Minimum Age I Minimum Time in Grade for Men & Women, Retired Non Competitors by Recommendation / Time in Grade for Men & Women. credentials for a judo rank issued by an unrecognized judo organization, or for which nocredentials are possessed. Placing 1st, 2ndor 3rdat local championship in the Black belt Division. This is the most ever at the same time, and the first in 22 years. As an affiliate, we may earn a commission from qualifying purchases. There is a saying that learning only just begins at this point. Judokas who have attained the 6th dan may also use a red-white paneled belt, and judokas who have attained the 9th dan may wear a solid red belt. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Different colors may be used around the world and in some countries there are more than 6 kyu ranks. In some countries junior practitioners have an extra system in place to show the progress in between two ky grades. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Everyone has the possibility of reaching this philosophical grail and in turn being part of 'those who know.'. Minimum of 15 weeks of practice 2 x 120 minutes /week, as a white belt. Jigoro Kano created Judo from the techniques of The Tenshin-Shinyo Ryu and the Kito Ryu styles of JuJitsu . These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. On top of that, you must work hard on improving core strength, conditioning and become more flexible. Of course, you're supposed to have around 10 years of regular training, but there is no doubt that a McDojo or two has awarded people black belts just because they paid enough money. But what is so unique about it? Theory and technique. judo belts. You Go Japan has something for everyone. [5] The appearance of the belts makes the judoka's level visible. Braziliya jiu-jitsusi - Vikipediya Bow: Rei 3. [2], There have only been fifteen 10th dan promotions awarded by the Kdkan itself in the history of Judo. You move up step by step from Shodan (1st Dan) to 2nd Dan, and then to 3rd Dan and so forth. A U.S. citizen who lives in Japan and practice judo in Japan would be eligible for taking the test for the Kodokan rank . studying the history, etiquette, waza and kata of Kodokan Judo and enjoying them for what they are - knowledge, skills and a way of life based on principles taught by Kodokan Judo's founder, Jigoro Kano. CPJ diplomas can be obtained directly by applicants once promotion to Judo Canada has been confirmed. For students or instructors who wish to join the USA-TKJ and already have rank in judo, the USA-TKJ rank system provides procedures for homologation and validation. z^AT8bqhW |(o@fEL s=g(;AX'0oSk+53K4X E -C:C7a. First, students are asked to explain the history of Kodokan judo. Back then, there was no judogi, and students simply wore a formal kimono. The system consists of three separate solid color belts and six grades ranked in numerical descending order. Passing score is 85% . =\?C|XB~Y*^4+}6'sQ-A6&%ZxuO3aM/[lAMe9TIc2 The ranking is split into two main groups: Kyu Grades - beginners Dan Grades - senior students who have obtained a black belt rank. 4 0 obj Placing 1st, 2nd, 3rdin the Olympic and/or World Championship. Meeting judo belts requirements takes time, patience, and lots of practice. Your email address will not be published. 0000004625 00000 n rank in judo. The judo system's most current roster of instructor / examiners must be on file at the USA-TKJ National Office. The ten black belt, or expert, ranks are called dan. Braziliya jiu-jitsus bu jang sanati va xalqaro yakkama-yakka kurashi, uning asosini parterdagi janglar, shuningdek, ogriqli va boguvchi usullar tashkil etadi. Judo Belt System - Journal of Asian Martial Arts This blog is all about the fascinating and unique culture of Japan. Kodokan Rank Requirements for Men & Women Classification of Judoka for Men & Women A+: Placing 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd in the Olympic and/or World Championship. old for Shodan, Black Belt, 1st Dan, 18 yrs. 1.Dr. The sub rank exists between white and orange belts and is symbolized by the ends of the current belt being the color of the next rank. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Validation is also a method by which a new member can be registered at the judo rank that he or she is best qualified to hold. 3 0 obj But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The judogi as we know it now with its modern obi was introduced in 1907. Note: Because of its thickness, only integrated . Placing 1st, 2ndor 3rdin the Masters category at the US Senior Nationals. On top of that, they must demonstrate the following throws, chokes, and joint locks: For many people, reaching a black belt in Judo is the final goal. These obi weren't the belts karateka and judoka wear today Kano hadn't invented the judogi (Judo uniform) yet, and his students were still practicing in kimono. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1.Judo was founded in 1882 by Jigoro Kano. All new members who do not possess acceptable rank credentials must have their rank validated to be registered with the USA-TKJ holding the rank of Brown Belt or higher. Rokudan:Ju no Kata & Kodokan Goshinjutsu Unlike other martial arts, judo is more eclectic. They also must demonstrate the fundamentals of gripping, postures, throws, and forms of unbalance. 0000001346 00000 n All Judo . . ..Zen Proverb, It was created by Professor Jigoro Kano. Judo Belts Requirements Explained - YouGoJapan Kodokan certifies Dan grades. The gi (judo suit) comes with a white belt, which is the color of the beginner. Multiple sources suggest that Hikakin has a net worth of at least $40 million, though the exact sum of his wealth is not in the public domain. The white uniform represented the values of purity, avoidance of ego, and simplicity. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. From 1920 to 1982 the Kodokan Gokyo no Waza was made up of the 40 throws in 5 groups as shown below. It is considered, therefore, to be a modern martial art, and has successfully been a part of the Olympics since 1964. He awarded the first shodan ranks given in karate to Tokuda, Otsuka, Akiba, Shimizu, Hirose, Gima, and Kasuya on April 10, 1924. Orange Belt Test - SAGA Judo Beyond Grappling Judo and Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Club - Judo and BJJ in . This system included white, yellow, orange, green, blue, and purple belts before the traditional brown and black belts. Judo belt ranks went through a lot of changes in Europe. The ky ranks are normally awarded by local instructors (sensei), but dan ranks are usually awarded only after an exam supervised by independent judges from a national judo association. Counter technique _____ 98. Kodokan Judo is an ideal form of physical education, sport, self-defense and recreation. In other countries, such as Finland, junior sub ranks below a certain age are denoted by one to three red stripes on both ends of the belt.
Education Reform 2022,
How To Make A Sagittarius Woman Miss You,
Pluto Dominant Appearance Tumblr,
32k Sword Enchantment Command,
Articles K
