Uzbekistan currently has three wetlands included in the list of Wetlands of international importance (The Ramsar Convention Seceretariat. Agroforestry can significantly contribute to enhancing food security in where there is water scarcity and climate change impact in drylands, diversifying income opportunities, restoring biodiversity, enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing pressure on natural forests where they occur (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Aleksandrova, Lamers, Martius, & Tischbein, 2014), (Lamers, Bobojonov, Khamzina, & Franz, 2008). Some human activities have indirect but wide-reaching effects on biodiversity as well, including climate change and pollution. Examples of grassland restoration activities given as NbS options, i.e., prohibition of grazing in some areas of China (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), were reported to have compromised herders income opportunities. The World Conservation Congress (p. 106). Turkish J Zool 38:590597. The chart shows information regarding the four ecosystems that has the highest biodiversity. J Environ Plan Manage 59:142162. This single pixel includes seven species, such as Cockerell's bumble bee, White Mountain false pennyroyal and Sacramento Mountains thistle. Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, Oxford, UK, Shahzoda Alikhanova&Joseph William Bull, You can also search for this author in Wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has a number of benefits both for the people and the biodiversity, and yet requires critical evaluation in terms of costs (e.g., water diversion, financial investments, sustainability, self-sustainment and etc.) Otherwise you might gain a large percentage of area protected but you have done very little in actually safeguarding species.. All these have led to increased levels of soil and water salinity, as well as to the reduction of the water table of desert pastures in the Aral Sea basin (Toderich, et al., 2013b). Dryland areas have largely expanded in Asia since mid-twentieth century stretching towards north latitudes, triggering water stress and limiting ecosystem services (Prvlie, 2016), (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021). o antigenic immune system According to Li et al. Biodiversity is not distributed equally over the globe; several factors combine to create so-called hotspots . Sustain Dev Goals. The application of nature-based solutions, such as the large-scale afforestation of the Aral Seabed, potentially creates alternative income sources for the local population. The draft of the manuscript was written by SA, and JWB, a co-author, commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Biodiversity is also an important part of ecological services that make life livable on Earth. - 208.89.96.71. Losses of intact ecosystems have occurred primarily in the tropics, home to the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet. Existing protected areas need to be explored for the opportunities to be connected through green corridors to ensure better habitat connectivity for migratory animal species. US Forest Service: Ecoregions of the United States. We conducted a systematic review on the topic of nature-based solutions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems around the world, with a specific focus on the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. Also, NbS are considered amongst those tools with the greatest potential to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021), (Gmez Martn, Giordano, Pagano, van der Keur, & Mez Costa, 2020), which Uzbekistan has committed to achieving by 2030 (The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics, 2022). The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . Currently we have identified only 1.7 million species, so we have a long way to go before we can come close to figuring out exactly how many species are on Earth. The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199911/12)9:6<517::AID-AQC383>3.0.CO;2-C. Yang Y, Yuanyue P, Xiang Y, Zhijie T, Lingxiao S, Disse M, Ruide Y (2019) Climate change, water resources and sustainable development in the arid and semi-arid lands of Central Asia in the past 30 years. States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. These two seemingly similar ecosystems have a lot of differences that make them both special. It enjoys a high level of biodiversity. Additionally, a warm water temperature promote most species to reproduce, which also has a positive impact in biodiversity. That includes 29 percent of all amphibians, 21 percent of all mammals, and 12 percent of all birds. Some of the activities have direct effects on species and ecosystems, such as habitat loss and degradation, overexploitation (such as overfishing), and the spread of non-native species and diseases. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), globally about one third of all known species are threatened with extinction. For Trees Livelihoods 18:373386. Biodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems. California has the most imperilled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. January 1, 2002. Considering that the main soil types in the exposed seabed are solonchaks (with high concentration of soluble salts) and takyrs (heavy-textured soils under arid conditions)Footnote 10, that have low organic carbon content (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020), monitoring of afforested lands is critical to better examine the impact of tree plantations on soils (An, Chang, Han, Khamzina, & Son, 2020). PEERJ 7. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7665, Li J, Ma X, Zhang C (2020) Predicting the spatiotemporal variation in soil wind erosion across Central Asia in response to climate change in the 21st century. What is Biodiversity? - Definition and Relation to Ecosystem Stability Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Being subjected to extensive degradation recently, wetlands in the Aral Sea basin, just like in most parts of the world, are being continuously lost (Thorslund, et al., 2017). Scientists estimate that species are dying out at hundreds of times the natural rate.A major reason for the loss of biodiversity is that natural habitats are being destroyed. Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world, Inspire a lifelong connection with wildlife and wild places through our children's publications, products, and activities, National Wildlife Federation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Over half of all the animals already identified are invertebrates. To submit a letter to the editor for publication, write to, This Map Shows Where Biodiversity Is Most at Risk in America. https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.09.en, IUCN (2020) IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: a user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS: first edition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-4677-1, Kim J, Song C, Lee S, Jo H-W, Park E, Yu H, Lee W-K (2020) Identifying potential vegetation establishment areas on the dried Aral Sea floor using satellite images. Wetlands, as a potentially cost-effective nature-based solution (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019), provide a range of ecosystem services, including food security, climate adaptation and mitigation by acting as natural carbon sinks, and biodiversity conservation (Thorslund, et al., 2017), (Seifollahi-Aghmiuni, Nockrach, & Kalantari, 2019), (Taillardat, Thompson, Garneau, Trottier, & Friess, 2020). Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace, according to the United States Geological Survey, published in the journal Ecological Applications. The Biden administration has set a goal to conserve and restore 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.08.en, Jiang L, Jiapaer G, Bao A, Guo H, Ndayisaba F (2017) Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia. Also, considering the ever-ongoing shortage of water resources and degradation of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin, there is a question of sustainability and cost-efficiency of the results achieved for almost three decades now. According to reports, Central Asia and Uzbekistan in particular, is among the areas most effected by dust and salt storms due to soil and wind erosion (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020) with an alarming number of people with respiratory diseases caused by these natural events (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020). More than one-third of U.S. fish and wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades. Across the continental United States, private land makes up almost 70 percent of areas with important concentrations of unprotected imperiled species, the researchers found. Wetlands were included as a search term to ensure we captured those that are nested into larger dryland landscapes, including the following inland water bodies: lakes, ponds, and ephemeral wetlands. As reported by Schlter, et al. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Many species provide important benefits to humans, including food, clothing, and medicine. Medicine from NatureAbout 25 percent of the medicines used today are taken from or modeled on chemicals found in plants, animals, or other living things. (2022) https://lex.uz/docs/5892355, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language). Deforestation is a major threat . Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. International Union for Conservation of Nature Due to its diversity of freshwater and marine ecosystems, the United States ranks particularly high in terms of fish species. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. Cambridge University Press. Right now, about 13 percent of the United States is permanently protected and managed primarily for biodiversity, according to the United States Geological Survey. Both the ecosystem and the human population of the region are under considerable pressure due to the consequences of the Aral Sea desiccation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0262-5, Dubey PK, Singh A, Chaurasia R, Pandey KK, Singh S (2021) Fostering Nature-Based Solutions for Ecorestoration and Attain- ing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The Cape Floristic Region in South Africa is home to about 6,200 plant species found nowhere else in the world. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.021, Carroll C, Ray JC (2021) Maximizing the effectiveness of national commitments to protected area expansion for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem carbon under climate change. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2021.1936865, Plieninger T, Muoz-Rojas J, Buck LE, Scherr SJ (2020) Agroforestry for sustainable landscape management. Ecosystems with a lot of biodiversity are generally stronger and more resistant to disaster than those with fewer species. However, to date there has been no focused and systematic review of the application of NbS in drylands, despite their importance. However, it is worth underlining that the effectiveness of protected/conserved areas cannot be equated to their existence only, management is a key to ensuring both environmental and societal benefits are gained to qualify to be considered as a NbS. Take the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, healthier place. Much of the Earths biodiversity, however, is in jeopardy due to human consumption and other activities that disturb and even destroy ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139693, Gmez Martn E, Mez Costa M, Egerer S, Schneider UA (2021) Assessing the long-term effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions under different climate change scenarios. They depend on one another. Ecosystems can also contain species too small to see with the naked eye. Aral Sea surface area change from 1964 through 2018. It is clear that deeper research is needed in terms of the impact these ecosystem changes might have in the long term, as well as their self-sustaining capacities, and the timespan it takes to balance out the investments and the potential benefits. Fungi helpdecomposeorganisms tofertilizethe soil. At least 40,000 different plant species live in the Amazonrainforestof South America, one of the most biologically diverse regions on the planet. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Forest Service; White Mountain false pennyroyal via Robert Sivinski; Escambia map turtle via Jim Godwin; Narrow pigtoe and round ebonyshell mussels via Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Freshwater Mussel Conservation Program, The comments section is closed. For instance, local residents in Muynak region of Karakalpakstan get hired by the State Forestry Committee to collect the seeds of saxaul plants on a seasonal basis. . A. What suggests developmental delays in two-year-olds? The governments of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have been undertaking large-scale afforestation activities on the dried-out Aral Seabed over the past several decadesFootnote 1 to mitigate the impacts of frequent dust storms both on the population and the environment. Also, wetlands in drylands are considered crucial for regional biodiversity (Williams, 1999), and the vital importance of wetlands and ecosystem services they provide in dry areas such as the Aral Sea region cannot be neglected. We're on the ground in seven regions across the country, collaborating with 52 state and territory affiliates to reverse the crisis and ensure wildlife thrive. Some include a much larger number of species. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Animals like the black-footed ferret and California condor are represented, but so are groups often left out of such analyses: species of bees, butterflies, fish, mussels, crayfish and flowering plants. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently. Biodiversity | National Wildlife Federation Let your eyes wander to the areas of this map that deepen into red. The final set of publications was analysed thematically as they were grouped into dryland ecosystem types (i.e., rangelands/grasslands, heathland, desert, wetlands) according to the search keywords used. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Researchers have estimated that there are between 3 and 30 million species on Earth, with a few studies predicting that there may be more than 100 million species on Earth. Thorough socio-economic analysis has proved to be critical for most NbS activities before the start of any project to minimize community resistance to planned interventions (Mills, et al., 2020). Available at: https://www.protectedplanet.net/555703562, UNEP-WCMC (2023) Protected Area Profile for Sudochye-Akpetki State Wildlife Sanctuary from the World Database on Protected Areas. Just one small section of the Escambia River, which flows through the Florida Panhandle, is home to two imperiled mussel species, along with a turtle and crayfish also at risk of extinction. Life Science - Biodiversity Flashcards | Quizlet As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. PLEASE ANSWER QUICKLY! All of these threats have put a serious strain on the diversity of species on Earth. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. Many of the corals buildcoral reefs, which are home to hundreds more species, from tinyseaweeds to large sharks.Some places in the world have a large number ofendemic speciesspecies that exist only in that place. Central Asia, which contains extensive dryland ecosystems, is among the regions most heavily impacted by the global climate change, and the trends are projected to accelerate in the coming decades (Lioubimtseva & Henebry, 2009), (Yushanjiang, Zhang, & Leong Tan, 2021), (Schlter, et al., 2013), (Yang, et al., 2019) putting even more pressure on precious natural resources and already fragile ecosystems. The Elements of Biodiversity - Biological Diversity You can play a part in protecting the biodiversity of your local community by creating a Certified Wildlife Habitat. o innate immune system When the biodiversity of an ecosystem is interrupted or destroyed, theeconomicimpact on the local community could be enormous.Biodiversity is especially important to the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Yet a study by Smithsonian scientists, published this week in the journal Science, shows that. The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. Shahzoda Alikhanova. Remote Sens Environ 266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112695, Ragab R, Prudhomme C (2002) Climate change and water resources management in arid and semi-arid regions: Prospective and challenges for the 21st century. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. Species that are now abundant arent going to be if we dont protect some of these other habitats, said Brian ODonnell, the director of Campaign for Nature, a coalition of conservation groups. Some of these genes are the same for all individuals within a speciestheyre what make a daisy a daisy and a dog a dog. Please Answer Quickly! Will Give Brainliest Globalclimate changethe latest rise in the averagetemperaturearound the globe, linked to human activityis also a factor. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.05.007. Biodiversity is the richness of life in all of its forms, from genes to ecosystems. In fact, tropical rain forests have the most diversity. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. To identify concentrations of imperiled biodiversity, the scientists created models for more than 2,200 species based on where they are known to exist and their habitat needs. Sustain Dev. Types and benefits of nature-based solutions identifiedboth for dryland ecosystems in general, and for the Aral Sea region specificallywere compiled into Table 1 based on the functions they perform in improving ecosystem service provision, and/or providing benefits for humans and increasing well-being. Gland: IUCN Publications Unit, IUCN (2017) Drylands and land degradation. Warmer ocean temperatures damagefragileecosystems such as coral reefs. Stein, Bruce A., Lynn S. Kutner and Jonathan S. Adams. Agroforestry is mostly proposed to rehabilitate marginal and salt-affected irrigated lands. Logging, mining and grazing are allowed on a significant share of public lands, including much of the Lincoln National Forest in southern New Mexico. Planning and management of protected areas, their integrity with the landscape, animal migratory routes and areas of anthropogenic activities. LESNOY ZHURNAL-FORESTRY JOURNAL, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-2-51-59, Bekele T, Haile Y (2021) Intensification of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions through wetland conservation: the case of Ethiopian freshwater wetlands. PubMedGoogle Scholar. However, large-scale afforestation in deserts/arid areas without proper planning can lead to massive economic losses and to very low plant survival rates, as some cases around the world (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) demonstrate. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. 2021. The chart shows information about four ecosystems. This in turn defines fish abundance and eventually impacts local biodiversity and livelihoods. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. In 4 seconds, you will be redirected to nwfactionfund.org, the site of the National Wildlife Action Fund, a 501(c)(4) organization. We consequently include it as a type of nature-based solution in this review. Between 1990 and 2005, the amount of forested land in Honduras, for instance, dropped 37 percent.As habitats shrink, fewer individuals can live there. Environmental Management (2023). However, (Taillardat, Thompson, Garneau, Trottier, & Friess, 2020) argue that conserving existing wetlands is more cost-efficient as opposed to their restoration in terms of contribution to climate change mitigation, large initial investments, and subsequent operation costs. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. Pretend you're taking a look at the species biodiversity within a local pond. J Oceanol Limnol 36:20612084. Drylands cover over 45% of the global terrestrial area, and are home to nearly one-third of the global human population, 90% of which reside in developing countries (UNCCD, 2017), (IUCN, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016). It can be studied on many levels. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. Nonetheless, wetlands in the Aral Sea basin serve as an important habitat both for inland waterbirds and for the migratory species in Central Asia (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014). Photo credit: NASA Earth Observatory, Google Earth. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910039, Li J, Chen H, Zhang C, Pan T (2019) Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use/land cover changes in Central Asia from 1995-2035. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan, 2022), however, there are none located in Karakalpakstan. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Glob Change Biol 27:33953414. Many conservationists emphasize that the places with the most imperiled species arent the only important ones to safeguard. Biodiversity | Examples & Impact on Ecological Stability - Video Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale. Find out more information about biodiversity. If we wait a while, we might be able to spot a garter snake, a bullfrog, or maybe a red-winged blackbird. Organisms that have evolved to be so different from one another that they can no longer reproduce with each other are considered different species. Australia is one of 17 megadiverse countries globally, with many plants, animals and ecosystems found nowhere . UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, First ed. Pesticides and erosion from human activity make matters worse. Desertification of rangelands in the study area has been ongoing due to the misuse of resources (mainly overgrazing), oil and gas exploration, climatic factors (reduced precipitation and droughts), overharvesting of fuel wood, unsustainable agricultural activities (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Toderich, et al., 2013a), (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). 1 for the world map of drylands). Sustain Sci 15:12551266. https://aral.uz/en/creation-of-small-local-water-bodies-in-the-delta-of-amudarya/, Agol D, Reid H, Crick F, Wendo, H (2021) Ecosystem-based adaptation in Lake Victoria Basin; synergies and trade-offs. Land Degrad Dev 27:18311839. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10126, Nelson DR, Bledsoe BP, Ferreira S, Nibbelink NP (2020) Challenges to realizing the potential of nature-based solutions. Its sometimes assumed that wildlife in national forests is automatically protected. A half acre of rainforest would likely have greater biodiversity than a full acre of desert. Environ Sci Policy 98:2029. It provides us with an array of foods and materials, and it contributes to the economy. Monitoring of afforested lands and soil quality monitoring could have substantially improved survival rates of saxaul and other shrubby plantations in the Aralkum. Philosop Transac R SOC B-Biol Sci 375. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0121, Schachtsiek T, Lamers JP, Khamzina A (2014) Early Survival and Growth of Six Afforestation Species on Abandoned Cropping Sites in Irrigated Drylands of the Aral Sea Basin. Of these, beetles are some of the most numerous species. Biodiversity allows for ecosystems to adjust to disturbances like fires and floods. The geographic precision now available, Dr. Hamilton said, can allow private individuals and conservation groups to focus more accurately on preventing extinctions. Drylands and land degradation. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2021.PARKS-27-SIBO.en, Parra G, Guerrero F, Armengol J, Brendonck L, Brucet S, Finlayson CM, Zohary T (2021) The future of temporary wetlands in drylands under global change. Not included are gray wolves, grizzly bears and other wildlife not at risk of global extinction. Moreover, literature review explicitly revealed that wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has never been documented as a nature-based solution, nor has rangeland restoration been. Land Degrad Dev 31:27492762. Based on the information in the chart, which ecosystem most likely has the highest biodiversity? Endemic speciesspecies that are only found in one particular locationare also found in hotspots. From Borneo to the Andes and pole to pole, Earths plants and animals cling to dwindling habitat and edge closer to extinctiona global biodiversity crisis crying out for action. NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation. The climate and the plants in a biome determine what animals live there. FLA. Rivers and streams . These differences are what scientists use to tell one species from another. GISci Remote Sens. However, authors (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) argue that afforestation activities can also fail both economically and environmentally as it was in the case of China and the planting of maladapted species, along with an absence of post-forestation monitoring to check on the survivability of trees. This single pixel includes seven species, such as Cockerell's bumble bee, White Mountain false pennyroyal and Sacramento Mountains thistle. Glob Change Biol. 4). Number of studies covering NbS application in global drylands with selected examples. Tropical rainforest biomes (article) | Khan Academy According to Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), drylands globally comprise the following categories: barren land (28%), grassland (25%), forests (18%), and cropland (14%); with the remainder classified as other land (which includes inland water bodies, other wooded land, apart from those classified as forests, built-up environment and unidentified land types) (FAO, 2019). They include everything from cleaning water and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. Protected areas (PA) that lead to biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation benefits could represent a cost-effective nature-based solution (Mackinnon, Mrema, Richardson, Cooper, & Gidda, 2021), (Roberts, OLeary, & Hawkins, 2020).
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