characteristics of bantu languages pdf

Fehn (2017) and Sands & Gunnink (forthcoming), both in terms of the number of contrastive click consonants, and in terms of the percentage of lexical items which contain clicks. Poulos, G. M. 2003). (eds. Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Gick, B. Figures 3.143.16 so an outline is given of the main characteristics of each separate group. 38(4): 604615. Doke, C. M. (2015) Cumulative Effects in Xitsonga: High-Tone Spreading and Depressor Consonants. Idiatov & R. 30: 152. H. A.-M. & Figure 3.1 The first frame, numbered 0, is close to the time that velar closure is first made, as detected from the accompanying acoustic record. & 30: 591627. Lee-Kim, S.-I. Figure 3.6 The Structure of a Bantu Language with Special Reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes Author(s): E. O. Ashton Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. Hyman, L. M. /, //) (Fulop et al. , In (2009) Phonology and Phonetics of Tone in Northern Sotho, a Southern Bantu language. Muravjeva & 2002, Malambe 2015), but Dogil and Roux (1996) argue that ejectives and clicks in Xhosa S41 are more resistant to coarticulation than other consonants. Studies in African Linguistics 42: 175187. I. Demolin, D. , Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library , 2015). Miller, A. The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. Davey, A. Access English Franais Africa Van de Velde and . & The means for /e o/ plotted here do not include tokens of these raised variants. Verhoeven Mbochi C25, which does not have downdrift, still has final lowering due to a L% boundary tone (Rialland & Aborobongui 2016). Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. In Gick In , Executive Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics Ltd., High Wycombe, England. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. . Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. Pretoria: University of South Africa. A. Figure 3.12 Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed. , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. In Parkinson S. van Oostendorp, M. ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. ), Handbook of Click Languages. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. Guthrie, M. Ayalew In describing clicks, it is customary to talk of the click type and the click accompaniment. (2002) The Use of Ultrasound for Linguistic Phonetic Fieldwork. 27(3/4): 8396. These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. Miller, A. A monumental four-volume classification of Bantu languages, Comparative Bantu (196771), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholarsincluding those who disagree with Guthries proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions. The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. Merrill Figure 3.10 17: 331. Belgian Journal of Linguistics Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. Naidoo, S. R. K. (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' S. The word list available for measurement included a more balanced sample of front than of back vowels, and the back vowels are probably in reality more separated than this plot indicates. Kisseberth, C. Gunnink, H. This kind of display closely parallels the traditional auditorily based vowel space based on perceived height and backness values used, for example, in the IPA Handbook (1999), but has the advantage of being based on verifiable measurement. In Jenks D. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab Yaound: ALCAM, Unit de recherche linguistique et phontique, Institut des Sciences humaines. 13: 3972. Figure 3.12 & & Glasgow: University of Glasgow, retrieved from. Diachronica L. There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. Figure 3.14 (PDF) Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Philology, Classical Edition Review of 'The Bantu Languages, second edition' Authors: Jenneke van der Wal Discover the world's. Bailey, R. Phonology Figure 3.29 Guthrie, M. Narayanan Sukuma F21 lengthened vowels are almost exactly intermediate between underlying short and long vowels and the nasal portion is quite long. This third pronunciation was characterised by one of the speakers as being more typical of speakers of 50 or more years of age. S. J. | Contact us | Help & FAQs Downing Namibian Yeyi is described as having 19 click consonants (Gowlett 1997: 257), while Botswana Yeyi speakers vary, having as few as 12 or as many as 22 distinct click consonants (Fulop et al. (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. The pattern for the front vowels suggests a greater interaction of the major features of vowel height and backness with pharynx width. (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. Vietti Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Delvaux , Here a pair of vowels in the front and a pair of vowel in the back have such low values of F1 that they are all appropriately considered to be high vowels. . Figure 3.30 In this and following figures of the same type, the origin of the axes is in the upper right, with first formant (F1) values increasing down from the origin, and second formant (F2) values increasing to the left. Lukusa, S. T. M. Figure 3.4 (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. A.-M. Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. (1970a) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. 29(2): 101114. . Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa. /, / Gowlett, D. F. C. Barbosa , Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H. S. T. J. Austin, P. K. Fwe vowel formant means according to measurements by the second author on recordings made available by Hilde Gunnink. P. London: Gregg International. ), Namibian Languages. This can be shown by calculating the average rate of pressure change over this phase of the click, which is 14.4 hPa/ms for post-alveolars, 7.9 for dentals, and 4.2 hPa/ms for laterals. ), Namibian Languages. Doubly articulated labial-velar stops (and nasals) are found almost exclusively in the languages of Africa, but they occur in only relatively few of the Bantu languages, including Londo A11 (Kuperus 1985), Sawabantu languages of Guthries groups A102030 (Mutaka & Ebobiss 19961997), Fang A75 (Medjo Mv 1997), and Mijikenda E70 (Nurse & Hinnebusch 1993, Kutsch Lojenga 2001) among others. 71(1): 5081. & Southern Sotho S33 only has a single click type which may vary in place. M. (1990) Shona Velarization: Complex Consonants or Complex Onsets? Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. (eds. Elderkin B. 33(3): 261272. Volume 1: The Comparative Linguistics of the Bantu Languages. Shah These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. . At vowel onset, the F0 difference between High and Low tones after a set of non-depressor consonants is 22 Hz, but a High tone onset after depressor consonants is 44 Hz lower than after the non-depressors and a Low after depressors is 23 Hz lower than after non-depressors. , Downing, L. J. Mongo-Nkundu C61 has reduction of final lowering, while Zulu S42 and Southern Sotho S33 cancel penultimate lengthening in question prosody. & Bostoen In addition, there may be retraction of the tongue tip, dorsum or tongue root for some clicks (Miller 2008, Miller & Finch 2011). Downing, L. J. The articulatory contacts can then be examined using stylised displays such as those in Spectrogram of Kalanga S16 [hapka] ampit, spoken by a female speaker from Zimbabwe. (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. (2011) Interaction of Variables in the Civili Vowel Duration. Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Production of a lateral click is illustrated in 3: 19811984. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Figure 3.1 Figure 3.30 Language Documentation and Conservation Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies However, these standardised transcriptions may disguise significant differences between languages, especially with respect to the nature of the vowels written /e/ and /o/. L.-J. , (ed. Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. Source: Mid-sagittal MRI scans of isolated vowels, made available by Didier Demolin. & Each zone . Figure 3.5 & M. Lee, S. J. (2008) Phonetics of Intonation in South African Bantu Languages. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Roux & , On this basis these particular vowels would not quite justify being considered high, but they are clearly markedly higher than those of Xhosa S41. The front closure for dental clicks is formed earlier and held longer (about 105 ms) than that for post-alveolar or lateral clicks (about 80 ms). & The peak negative pressures reached in clicks are typically -100 hPa or more and may reach over -200, as shown in Figure 3.28. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (eds. There is no overlap in the closures for the two segments, except optionally in the case of the nasal sequence /m/. Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. Thomas-Vilakatis analysis of Zulu click types (Thomas 2000, Thomas-Vilakati 2010), combining insights from acoustic, aerodynamic and electropalatographic techniques, is The Bantu Languages (eds. Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. PDF World Geography - Unit 3 - Cultural Geography & Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections This may have two principal effects. 35: 5684. Changes in larynx activity can be variously timed in relation to the action in the oral cavity, and to the timing of movements raising and lowering the velum. A. , & Maphalala, Z. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. Ladefoged, P. (2002) An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa. 121(15): 21202152. vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in Detailed studies of this type not only illuminate the individual language studied but may provide insights into diachronic issues. Pater The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. & Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in A. (1996) The Sounds of the Worlds Languages. Each point represents the average of measurements of at least 30 tokens of the vowel from one male speaker reading a text. (2014) Etude comparative des langues makaa-njem (bantu A80) : phonologie, morphologie, Lexique. Valle Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers. Work in Progress Phonetics Laboratory University of Reading It can be predicted from tongue body position: front vowels have wider pharynx than back vowels, lower vowels have narrower pharynx than higher vowels. Language Dynamics and Change Ewen , Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. It is estimated that some 300 to 350 million people, or one in three Africans, are Bantu speakers. , Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. , The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. ), African Mosaic: Festschrift for J. There are several hundred Bantu languages. Pholia UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics (1945) A Preliminary Study of the Lexicological Influence of the Nguni Languages on Southern Sotho. back closure is released, and this release may be separately audible.

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